Growth hormone is a small protein produced by the pituitary gland, a small dime-sized gland that extends from the base of the center of the brain located right behind the eyes.
In addition to growth hormone, the pituitary gland also produces a number of other important hormones as well, such as prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin.
The part of the brain just above the pituitary called the hypothalamus produces two hormones called growth-hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin; the second one plays an important role in controlling the amount of growth hormone released by the pituitary.
The amount of growth hormone released by the pituitary gland over our life changes with increased amounts released during childhood, especially during the pubertal growth spurts, and decreasing amounts, as we get older.
Get Free Consultation!When growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, it is released into the bloodstream that then stimulates the liver primarily to release another hormone called insulin-like growth factor-I or simply known as IGF-I.
IGF-I can be measured in blood by taking a blood sample. As IGF-I levels do not fluctuate greatly throughout the day for an individual person as much as growth hormone, IGF-I is used by physicians as a screening test to assess for growth hormone deficiency or excess in conditions such as acromegaly and gigantism.
Both growth hormone and IGF-I act on many tissues in the body, including the brain, bone, fat, and muscles.
What does growth hormone do?
Growth hormone functions to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, mental function, and possibly heart function. On the other hand, deficiency of growth hormone in children is easy to recognize with poor growth hormone.
In adults, growth hormone deficiency is not so easy to detect since adults have achieved adult height after their bones have fused, thereby preventing further growth.
The deficiency of growth hormone in adults can be most appreciated by assessing the body composition. These important parts of our bodies are not nurtured properly in growth hormone deficiency, resulting in abnormal metabolism.
With this deficiency, the fat tends to be deposited more easily, especially around the central part of the abdomen. Since growth hormone can affect muscles, they also change for the worse, which means there is less muscle strength and less ability to exercise.
Bones, too, are affected by becoming weaker with low bone mineral density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis as we get older. This combination of more fat, less muscle, and less bone mineral density represents the abnormal body composition changes as the result of growth hormone deficiency affecting adults.
Adults with growth hormone deficiency also experience adverse effects on cholesterol and glucose metabolism. These changes result in a higher overall cholesterol level in the blood, which is undesirable.
The “good” cholesterol also changes. We want this “good” cholesterol level to be as high as possible. This good cholesterol (also referred to as HDL cholesterol) changes to a lower level as the result of growth hormone deficiency.
In addition, because of the increased risk of central fat deposition associated with an adult growth hormone deficiency, the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease increases as well when they get older.
Symptoms of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
Adults who develop growth hormone deficiency may report central weight gain, difficulty to lose weight, dry skin, fatigue, and often do not feel their usual selves.
Most notice a decrease in their physical energy level and endurance for exercise. Some may avoid social contact or avoid socialization with their friends and family members and may develop anxiety and depression.
Other people with growth hormone deficiency think they feel normal, but do not remember the way they felt before they developed the growth hormone deficiency. These people may derive improvement in how they feel and energy levels after starting growth hormone therapy.
Causes of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
Most children who develop growth hormone deficiency do so because the hypothalamus, for unknown reasons, fails to function and does not produce sufficient amounts of growth hormone-releasing hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland to release growth hormone.
There may not be a visible cause of pituitary damage on MRI in most children with growth hormone deficiency. This deficiency may continue into adulthood.
Adults, however, who develop growth hormone deficiency usually do so because of some damage to the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. This damage results in an inability of the pituitary gland to make growth hormone in sufficient amounts needed by the body.
The most common cause of pituitary and hypothalamus damage in adults is a tumor in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Either the tumor itself or the treatment in the form of surgery to remove the tumor or radiation therapy of the tumor can cause adult growth hormone deficiency.
Other recently described conditions that can cause adult growth hormone deficiency include head injury, stroke, bleeding in the base of the brain, and infections to the brain, such as meningitis.
Some adults may also have the persistent under-active hypothalamic drive (activity) as a cause of growth hormone deficiency similar to the most common reason for children to develop growth hormone deficiency, but this is rare.
Methods Used to Detect and Confirm Growth Hormone Deficiency
A doctor will choose an appropriate test to detect and confirm if you have growth hormone deficiency or not. Since measuring growth hormone in the blood is hard to interpret because growth hormone secretion fluctuates throughout the day and often can be low in normal individuals, a low level in blood does not confirm growth hormone deficiency.
A doctor will choose a stimulation test that is appropriate for you that will stimulate growth hormone secretion from your pituitary gland into your bloodstream.
Get Free Consultation!By measuring your blood at intervals after administration of a medication to stimulate GH secretion, your responses to the stimulus can be obtained by measuring several growth hormone levels in the blood.
In normal individuals, there is a rise in blood growth hormone levels after the stimulus but in deficient individuals, there is either no rise or a minimal rise, which will then confirm that you are growth hormone deficient.
The commonly used medications to stimulate growth hormone secretion include insulin and glucagon. The insulin tolerance test is considered the reference standard growth hormone stimulation test but the test is labor-intensive, can cause severe hypoglycemia, and is contraindicated in certain patients.
The glucagon test is considered the alternative test if the insulin tolerance test cannot be performed in certain patients.
In December 2017, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a medication called Macrilen, which can be taken by mouth, as the test that can be used to test for adult growth hormone deficiency by measuring GH levels after oral dosing.
All of these growth hormone stimulation tests require you to fast. On the day of the test, an IV line will be placed in your arm for multiple blood draws to measure your growth hormone levels. A doctor will choose one of these that best fits your situation.
How is growth therapy administered?
Growth hormone is administered daily by injection underneath the skin into fat tissue. Most individuals give it to themselves in the fat in the lower abdomen.
Previously, needles and syringes were used similar to those used by diabetic patients. Nowadays, many easy-to-use pen delivery devices are available to administer growth hormone more reliably and some pen devices can hide the needle so well that you cannot even see it when you are giving the injection.
You will need a special “sharps container” for the disposal of the needles. A doctor will calculate the dose of growth hormone appropriate for you. The dose may change depending upon your responses and blood tests are taken to monitor therapy.
It is important to note that growth hormone cannot be administered orally because it is digested in the stomach before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Long-term benefits and risks of growth hormone replacement therapy in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency
| Patient Data | Benefits | Risks or Drawbacks |
|---|---|---|
| Body composition | Reduction in fat mass Increase in lean mass Increase in muscle strength | Increase in BMI Increased waist circumference Increase of waist-hip index |
| Bone metabolism | Increase in bone mineral density | Effect on the incidence of fractures not clearly shown |
| Health-related quality of life | Improvement in quality of life questionnaires Greater benefit in patients with low quality of life at baseline | No improvement in all dimensions Probable absence of effect in patients with normal quality of life |
| Cardiovascular risk markers | Increase in HDL-chol Reduction of total and LDL-chol Diastolic blood pressure reduction Reduction of CRP Reduction of carotid intima-media thickness | Reduced insulin sensitivity Increase in fasting glucose and insulin Trend to the increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome Increase in lipoprotein |
| Cardiovascular disease | Reduction in the incidence rate of myocardial infarction | Trend to increase in cerebrovascular disease |
| Neoplasms | No increase in the rate of recurrence or progression of hypothalamic-pituitary tumors No increase in overall risk of neoplasia in adults with GHD | Tendency to increase risk of second malignancy in childhood cancer survivors treated with GH in childhood There are subgroups with increased risk of certain neoplasia in adults who were treated with GH in childhood |
| Mortality | Tendency to decrease the global and cardiovascular mortality of hypopituitarism | Persistence of higher mortality than the general population in some studies |
What symptoms indicate you’ve taken too much growth hormone?
If you are receiving too much growth hormone, you may develop side effects such as swelling of the ankles, aching in your joints, pain in your hands, or a rise in blood glucose and blood pressure.
If these symptoms do occur, you should notify a doctor immediately. Usually, side effects subside when your dose of growth hormone is decreased or the treatment is stopped temporarily.
Once the side effects have resolved after stopping treatment, you can discuss with your physician to see if you can resume at a lower dose.
It is important to note that not every patient feels better immediately after being on growth hormone treatment, which is why you should be on growth hormone for at least twelve to eighteen months.
Get Free Consultation!During that time, a doctor will slowly adjust the dose of growth hormone that is right for you.
Summary
Adults need the growth hormone all of their lives, not only as children for growth purposes. Without growth hormone as adults, there is an increased risk of developing abnormal body composition, increased central fat deposition, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, increased risk of low bone mineral density, and reduced physical and psychological energy and well-being.
Growth hormone replacement in adults with growth hormone deficiency often improves most, but not all, symptoms associated with this condition, and should be continued lifelong, if possible.
Be sure to get in touch with our experts here for any questions you’ve probably got.